Restorative management of patients with teeth following orthodontic treatment is often necessary. Ideally, restorative treatment is done before start of the orthodontic treatment. These are situations where the buccal surface of the teeth is broken or fractured, so it needs to be restored for proper bracket placement. Whereas in some situations, the restorative finishing is done at the end of orthodontic treatment. Successful treatment of these cases is therefore dependent not only on the correct treatment plan but also on the correct sequencing of treatment between the different members of the dental team. This article will discuss multiple factors such as tooth proportion and tooth position that must be considered to obtain the best esthetic and functional result following orthodontic treatment.

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Klippel-Feil syndrome (KFS) is a rare condition also known as synostosis of cervical spine, first described in the medical literature in 1912. It consists of the triad of symptoms such as short neck, limitation of neck movements, and low posterior hairline and also associated with somatic diseases and defects such as scoliosis, anomalies in urogenital system, congenital heart defects, deafness, facial asymmetry, synkinesis, or mirror movements. KFS manifests in the oral cavity with cleft palate, limitation of mouth opening, hypodontia oligodontia, and micrognathia.

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After surgical procedure, healing usually occurs by repair or regeneration. Regenerative surgery including the use of barrier membrane, graft material, can support the formation of tissue and allow regenerative rehabilitation and also functional reconstruction. Enhancement of the regenerative process of the human body by utilizing the patient's own blood is a unique concept in oral surgery. In this paper, we are discussing application of platelet-rich fibrin as healing material on partial thickness excisional wounds and as a filling material in cystic cavity.

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The occurrence of canine impaction is not a rare phenomenon. We report a case of horizontally placed palatally impacted maxillary canine in a 21-year-old male patient. The purpose of this report was to describe a patient undergoing autotransplantation of an impacted maxillary canine to its normal position in the dental arch.

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Intraosseous involvement of jaw bones are commonly seen with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity. Ameloblastic carcinoma (AC) is a rare malignant odontogenic neoplasm that tends to occur in mandible with or without intraosseous involvement. We present one such rare case of, 60-year-old female with gray white growth in the left lower buccal cavity with enlarged lymph nodes. The computed tomography scan showed a mass from the left submandibular salivary gland and fine-needle aspiration was suggestive of malignant salivary gland tumor. The patient was posted for frozen section and mandibulectomy. Frozen section showed squamous cells with keratin pearl formation suggestive of metastatic SCC. The routine histopathology proved it as AC with keratin pearl formation. With this case, we would like to highlight the pitfalls, difficulties, and importance in the diagnosis of AC.

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Cystic hygromas are rare, congenital, benign lesions occurring early in life, mainly in the head, neck, and oral cavity. It is an aberrant proliferation of lymphatic vessels resulting from abnormal development of the lymphatic system. Lymphangiomas are classified as microcystic, macrocystic, and cystic hygromas according to the size of the lymphatic cavities incorporated. They are soft, vary in size and shape, and tend to grow extensively if not surgically excised. They are multilocular cysts filled with clear or yellow lymph fluid. Histopathologically, lymphangiomas are of three types: Lymphangioma simplex, cavernous lymphangioma, and cystic hygroma depending on the size of vascular spaces and thickness of the adventitia. The present report describes a case of cystic hygroma of the left posterior region of jaw in an 11-year-old male child and its clinical, ultrasonographic, and cytological correlation.

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Ectodermal dysplasias (EDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by developmental dystrophies of ectodermal structures that may result in hypotrichosis, or hypodontia and hypohidrosis. The X-linked recessive ED (Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome) is the most common disorder; it affects males and is inherited through female carriers. Most patients with EDA have a normal life expectancy and normal intelligence. However, the lack of sweat glands may lead to hyperthermia, followed by brain damage or death in early infancy, if unrecognized. Thus, an early diagnosis is important. For the patients and the dentists tooth agenesis and its secondary effects on growth and development of the jaws is the most significant clinical and therapeutically problem.

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Aim: To find out the efficacy of megadose steroid therapy as a treatment modality for traumatic optic neuropathy. Materials and Methods: Six cases sustaining maxillofacial injuries without associated head injury and reporting with diminished vision were evaluated. The patient's history was noted and necessary neurologic and ophthalmologic consultations, radiologic investigations, and subjective and objective assessments of the optic nerve function were carried out. All the cases were managed nonsurgically with megadose steroid therapy. In all cases, vision improvement was noted. Statistical Analysis: Since sample size was small, this was an observational study and could not be subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Overall results were reasonably good with early megadose steroid therapy in traumatic optic neuropathy. Conclusions: Early identification and management may result in better outcome of the condition. Within the limitations of the study design, this study points benefit of this treatment as salvage therapy for traumatic optic neuropathy.

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Objective: To determine self-reported bruxism experience among the undergraduates of a Nigerian university, other associated parafunctional habits and oral health problems. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on undergraduates dwelling in University of Benin, main campus hostel located in Ugbowo, Benin City, Nigeria. The 640 participants that met the inclusion were randomly recruited from four hostels (two males and two females) during the weekend. A self-developed validated questionnaire was the data collection tool. Results: Out of the 578 (response rate = 93.2%) study participants, aged between 15 and 48 years with a mean age of 23.6 ± 8.5, 143 reported bruxism, giving 24.7% prevalence. This was significantly associated with gender. The reported patterns of bruxism were awake (48.3%), nocturnal (15.4%), and diurnal (36.4%). The prevalence of nail biting and anxiety/stress was 56.6% and 29.9%, respectively. These were significantly higher in bruxists than nonbruxists. More of the participants, who reported chewing/biting biro as well as tobacco and alcohol consumption, also reported bruxism. Oral health problems reported include tooth mobility (9.5%), shocking sensation (40.3%), chewing difficulty (6.7%), temporomandibular joint noise/or pain (5.4%), and jaw injury (7.6%). These conditions were significantly more common among those who reported bruxism. Conclusion: Data from this study revealed that one out of every four studied participants is a bruxist. There is need for the dentists to suspect bruxism in undergraduates presenting with oral health problems such as shocking sensation, tooth mobility, nail biting, chewing difficulty, anxiety/stress, jaw injury, joint noise and pain on mouth opening/closing, to give a holistic care.

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Aims: The aim of the study was to access the oral health knowledge, attitude, and practices among pharmacy students in Chennai. Settings and Design: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study. Subjects and Methods: The descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among pharmacy students in Chennai. The questionnaire was to access the knowledge and practice toward oral health. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS). Results: 47.8% of the participants considered regular visit to the dentist is necessary. 64.8% of the participants have been professionally taught to brush. 31.9% of the participants prefer government hospitals for their treatment. Conclusions: There is a need for the comprehensive educational program among pharmacy students to promote oral hygiene and to impart education about oral hygiene practices.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate any measurable change in antioxidant and free radical scavenger status in periodontal disease. Materials and Methods: A total of forty subjects consisting of twenty test subjects and twenty controls were recruited for the study. The antioxidant defense status in serum (in terms of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase [GSHPx] and catalase [CAT]), serum lipid peroxidation (in terms of malondialdehyde), and free radical scavengers (Vitamin C) was assessed. Results: Significant differences were noted between tests and controls. Negative correlation was observed between the values of lipid peroxidation and that of SOD, GSHPx, and CAT. Our study confirmed that lowered level of SOD, CAT, and GSHPx is associated with hyper lipid peroxidation in periodontal disease. Conclusion: It is now clear that the free radicals play a critical role in the initiation and progression of periodontal disease. Furthermore, the results of the present study may have important therapeutic implications in terms of the use of the antioxidants in periodontal therapy to prevent tissue destruction.

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Background: Injuries to oral soft tissues are common. These can be caused by chemical, thermal, physical agents, self-mutilation, denture associated, etc., In this study, 110 patients were included from western Punjab population coming for routine checkup. Different causes for different types of injuries were noticed and tabulated to find the percentage of each cause, causing injuries to oral soft tissue. Objective: To determine the quantitative analysis of different causes which are a causative factor of oral injuries. Methods: The sample for the study consisted of 110 patients undergoing routine dental checkup in the dental center. Quantitative analysis of each causing factor was done by taking proper history from the patients and careful oral examination. Results: Females are more prone to soft tissue injuries as compared to males, and chemical burn is most common cause of soft tissue injury found in 44 patients followed by denture associated ulcers in 36 patients out of 110 patients.

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The concept of applying integration in many carriers has impressed the educational directors and the facilitators with multiple glorious advantages. The benefits obtained from integrated systems of education include strong base of scientific knowledge, deep understand learning, ability of self-integration, creation potential, long-term retention, and capability to correlate the past with the present for greater innovation of the future. The integrated medical education has been highly successful in many medical schools and starts to offer precious fruit when implemented recently in certain dental fields. Some educational systems can be well integrated into building blocks both horizontally and vertically such as self-directed education and problem-based learning. In this review, a trial was undergone to discuss the idea of integration of dental education, its preclinical and clinical implementations, its advantages and disadvantages, and its pitfalls.

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In many countries, the practice of dentistry is only permitted after passing an examination to get dental license for few years. Furthermore, this license should be renewed with essential continuing dental education, which is considered an international trend for reconciling. This review will interpret variation of this educational trend among some different countries worldwide.

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