Sixty metal-ceramic specimen were made with 3 different thickness of 1, 1.5 and 2 mm using nickel chromium metal backing and with ceramic veneer of two popular companies of VITA and IVOCLAR. The metal was made of 0.4 mm , opaque of 0.1mm and the ceramic dentin and enamel were the remaining 0.5,1 and1.5mm thickness respectively. The specimen were fabricated of A3 shade and compared with the A3 shade of VITAPAN shade guide using sprectrophotometer for the parameters of hue, value, chroma, a*value(red or green) and b*value (yellow or blue) Thicker specimen showed the hue closer to the shade tab compared to thinner specimen, with the IVOCLAR 2mm coming closest to the shade tab. The metal ceramic specimen were brighter than the shade tab but thinner 1mm specimen showed the brightness closest to the shade tab. The metal ceramic specimen showed higher chroma, redness and yellowness compared to the shade tab and the IVOCLAR 2mm specimen showed these values closer to the shade tab.

The prevalence of obesity has increased substantially over the past decades in most industrialized countries. Obesity is a systemic disease that predisposes to a variety of co-morbidities and complications that affect overall health. Cross-sectional studies suggest that obesity is also associated with oral diseases, particularly periodontal disease, and prospective studies suggest that periodontitis may be related to cardiovascular disease. The possible causal relationship between obesity and periodontitis and potential underlying biological mechanisms remain to be established; however, the adipose tissue actively secretes a variety of cytokines and hormones that are involved in inflammatory processes, pointing toward similar pathways involved in the pathophysiology of obesity, periodontitis, and related inflammatory diseases. We provide an overview of the definition and assessment of obesity and of related chronic diseases and complications that may be important in the periodontist's office. Studies that have examined the association between obesity and periodontitis are reviewed, and adipose-tissue-derived hormones and cytokines that are involved in inflammatory processes and their relationship to periodontitis are discussed. Our aim is to raise the periodontist's awareness when treating obese individuals.

Background: The peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG) is a relatively common benign reactive lesion of the oral cavity, originating from the periosteum or the periodontal ligament. It occurs as a result of local trauma or chronic irritation. This article presents a case of peripheral giant cell granuloma with review of literature. Methods: A 40 year old woman reported with a nodular lesion in the maxillary right premolar region of four year duration. The lesion was excised and sent for histopathologic examination which was carried out under light microscopy. Results: The biopsy specimen revealed features consistent with PGCG. In addition, mineralized tissue resembling woven bone was also evident in the deeper connective tissue. Radiographically, there was superficial erosion of the alveolar crest. The clinical and radiographic 1 year follow-up revealed uneventful soft tissue healing. Conclusion: The usual line of treatment for PGCG is local excision down to the bony base along with elimination of the local etiologic factors. Failing to do so, results in the recurrence of the growth.

Fusion refers to the union of two tooth germs resulting in a single large tooth. Fusion occurs due to union of two separate tooth buds at some stage in their development. Depending on the stage they are united, tooth may have only one pulp chamber as in gemination, or there may be two pulp chambers, with union only of the dentin. This is a rare case of fusion of permanent mandibular central and lateral incisors, with discussion of review ,diagnostic criteria and clinical implications.

Teeth with their physiologic variation and effects of therapy remain to record information throughout their life time. They also act as a weapon under certain circumstances and leave the identity of the biter. Dentistry has much to offer the field of law in identifying and solving the civil and criminal cases. This paper gives the readers an understanding of the role of a dentist as a forensic odontologist and also emphasizes the need for good quality and accurate dental records.

Genetics is at present one of the most rapidly progressing fields in biology and biomedicine. The advances of gene technology have led to a rapid explosion in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating embryonic development. New genes and their functions are continuously being discovered in experimental studies using animal embryos and molecular genetic studies in humans are unraveling gene mutations causing congenital defects. It is now shown in the recent year studies that the homeobox gene plays an important role in the patterning of human face and jaws. Members of the homeobox - containing genes are expressed in the cranial neural crest cell and function as transcriptional regulators that control cellular proliferation and differentiation during normal embryonic development.

The clinical presentation and radiographic signs of multiple complicated crown fractures are extremely variable and can present difficulties in diagnosis and management. This case report discusses yet another alternative management of maxillary anterior tooth with multiple fractures.

Treatment of a mandibular central incisor with an associated cystic lesion by conventional endodontic therapy combined with aspiration and irrigation is reported. Small cystic lesions may frequently heal with endodontic treatment only. However, larger lesions may need additional treatment. If surgical enucleation is done, other teeth or structures may be damaged unnecessarily. Therefore, it may be better to attempt non surgical conservative treatment of aspiration and irrigation and a working protocol is presented for this.

Fibrous dysplasia is an uncommon, sporadic skeletal disorder characterized by proliferation with secondary bony metaplasia, producing immature, newly formed and weakly calcified bone, without maturation of osteoblasts, typically presenting in first or second decade of life and then slowly progressing until the patient reaches the age of thirty years. The aim of this presentation is to represent a rare case of monostotic craniofacial fibrous dysplasia, in a 55 year old male, which is a good example of somatic mosaicism in which a wide spectrum of disease is possible.

Ectodermal dysplasia syndrome(EDS) is a large hetrogenous group of inherited disorders, the manifestations of which could be seen in more than one ectodermal derivatives. The tissues primarily involved are skin, hair, nail, eccrine glands and teeth. Here we present a case of Hyphohidrotic (anhidrotic)Ectodermal dysplasia (HAED) in a 7yr old girl along with dental defects .

Fabrication of complete denture consists of numerous clinical and laboratory procedures. Any effort made by the dentist to reduce the number of appointments will be appreciated by the patient. Combining one or more clinical appointments reduces the total duration of treatment. This is more helpful in cases of complete denture patients who are physically and psychologically compromised. This case report is a clinical evaluation of a previously described technique which combines final impression and centric relation recording to one appointment. The feasibility of the technique, its reliability, advantages and its limitations are described based on clinical findings.

The tongue is the important oral structure that is responsible for speech, swallowing and positioning of the teeth. Ankyloglossia or tongue tie is the result of short tight frenulum that causes limitation in tongue movement, therefore when the tongue is retruded it causes blanching of the soft tissue and also place excessive force on the mandibular anteriors. The lingual frenum may cause midline diastema in lower central incisors. This case report describes two cases where the patient diagnosed with ankyloglossia underwent lingual frenectomy procedure by two different techniques electrosurgery and scalpel method under local anesthesia without any complications. After a follow up of 6 months the healing was uneventful without scar formation in both the cases. The tongue showed good healing with protrusion several millimeters beyond the lower lip.

The use of overdentures can aid in preservation of alveolar ridge height. The retention and stability of such prostheses is enhanced greatly in bar supported overdentures. Patient reported to the Department of Prosthodontics with the chief complaint of missing teeth in maxillary arch. Patient had given a history of multiple temporary partial dentures that she was not satisfied with. The chief reason for dissatisfaction was poor retention. The treatment plan that was decided upon was a custom fabricated bar supported overdenture. The bar was cemented intraorally and a female component on the intaglio surface of the denture ensured retention. The mode of retention was primarily through frictional resistance. The availability of different types of attachments has enabled a wide variety of treatment options.