Indian Journal of Multidisciplinary Dentistry

ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year
: 2018  |  Volume : 8  |  Issue : 2  |  Page : 82--86

Effect of various luting agents on retention of cement-retained implant restorations with different modifications - An in-vitro study


S Mohammed Imthiyas1, Bala Subramanian2, Prabhu Karupiah1, A Kirubakaran1, VC Karthik1, Suganya Ganesan3,  
1 Department of Prosthodontics, Adhiparasakthi Dental College and Hospital, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, India
2 Department of Prosthodontics, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
3 Private practitioner

Correspondence Address:
Dr. S Mohammed Imthiyas
Plot No 38, Sardar Patel 1st Street, ECR Road, Kanathur, Kanchipuram - 603 112, Tamil Nadu
India

Abstract

Introduction: Cement-retained restorations are the most common mode of attaining retention in implant prosthesis. Surface modifications can enhance the retention of the cement-retained implant restorations. Materials and Methods: A total of 45 copings (n = 45) were fabricated and divided into three groups based on the types of cements used: Group A – zinc phosphate cement, Group B – zinc polycarboxylate cement, and Group C – glass-ionomer cement. Each group was subdivided into three subgroups depending on the surface treatment employed: Subgroup 1 – unmodified copings (controlled group), Subgroup 2 – sandblasted copings, and Subgroup 3 – roughened abutment. The blocks with abutments on which the coping was cemented on them were locked on a universal testing machine. Results: The mean load required to debond the copings cemented with zinc phosphate cement under various surface modifications was found to be 154 N for unmodified copings, 184 N for sandblasted copings, and 171 N for roughened abutments. The mean load required to debond the copings cemented with zinc polycarboxylate cement under various surface modifications was found to be 212 N for unmodified copings, 325 N for sandblasted copings, and 390 N for roughened abutments, respectively. The mean load required to debond the copings cemented with Type 1 glass-ionomer cement under various surface modifications was found to be 302 N for unmodified copings, 413 N for sandblasted copings, and 412 N for roughened abutments. Conclusion: The retentive properties of the three types of cements tested in this study were statistically significant. Type 1 glass-ionomer cement shows the highest mean retentive strength, followed by zinc polycarboxylate and zinc phosphate cement. There was no statistically significant difference between the sandblasted and roughened abutment copings cemented with Type 1 glass-ionomer cement.



How to cite this article:
Imthiyas S M, Subramanian B, Karupiah P, Kirubakaran A, Karthik V C, Ganesan S. Effect of various luting agents on retention of cement-retained implant restorations with different modifications - An in-vitro study.Indian J Multidiscip Dent 2018;8:82-86


How to cite this URL:
Imthiyas S M, Subramanian B, Karupiah P, Kirubakaran A, Karthik V C, Ganesan S. Effect of various luting agents on retention of cement-retained implant restorations with different modifications - An in-vitro study. Indian J Multidiscip Dent [serial online] 2018 [cited 2024 Mar 28 ];8:82-86
Available from: https://www.ijmdent.com/text.asp?2018/8/2/82/249120


Full Text



 Introduction



Cemented implant restorations have become a popular alternative and exhibit the potential advantages over screw-retained restorations, which include the elimination of screw loosening, better esthetics, easier control of occlusion, simplicity, lower cost, and passive fit. Ideally, the cement on implant-retained restorations should provide enough retention to prevent it from loosening during normal service and allow the restoration to be removed without damage to the abutment, the restoration itself, and the peri-implant tissues. There are no studies suggesting that any one cement is better than the other at retaining cement-retained crowns to implant abutments.

 Materials and Methods



Forty-Five commercially Pure Titanium, Single-Piece implant analogs (Noris Medical Systems Pvt. Ltd.) of 6-mm height and 4.5-mm diameter were used in this in vitro study. Forty-five PVC pipes of height 3 cm and 1.5-cm diameter were used to mount the implant analogs. In the screw access channel of the implant analog, a dummy bur was secured to the vertical rod of the Dental surveyor (Ney Dental Surveyor) [Figure 1] to maintain it in a straight vertical position. The movable cast holder was adjusted parallel to the base platform of the surveyor and to the floor. The PVC rings were placed on the cast holder, in which plaster of Paris Template has been fabricated and held on the cast holder of the Dental Surveyor to maintain the center position of the PVC ring, thereby the implant analog. The analogs were held vertically in the center of the PVC rings. Self-cure acrylic resin (DPI RR Cold Cure Batch no-4152) was mixed in the ratio of 3:1 and poured into the PVC rings in its wet sandy stage. The vertical rod was then inserted into the acrylic up to the finish margins of the analogs. The entire assembly was maintained until the acrylic resin sets completely [Figure 2]. Straight abutments of the corresponding diameter, each of a 3 mm-collar height and abutment height of 8 mm (Noris Implant Systems Pvt. Ltd.), were placed into the implant analogs, and the screw was torqued up to 20 Ncm torque. The access holes of these screws were blocked using DPI RR Self-cure Acrylic resin (DPI RR Cold Cure Batch no-4152).{Figure 1}{Figure 2}

Coping fabrication

The wax patterns for the copings were fabricated using Type II inlay casting wax. Marginal wax has been added to maintain precision. Copings were casted in nickel chromium alloy as per the standard casting protocols. Each coping was 0.5-mm thick and had a circular loop 5 mm in diameter on its occlusal surface to permit the attachment of the hook of the testing machine to it. Marginal fit of the casted copings has been tested manually using rotation. A total of 45 copings were fabricated

Cementation of copings

The copings were divided into three groups, that is, Group A, Group B, and Group C (n = 45) with 15 copings in each group, respectively. Fifteen copings in each group were subdivided into Group A1, A2, and A3; Group B1, B2, and B3; and Group C1, C2, and C3.

Testing the specimens

The blocks with abutments on which the coping was cemented on them were locked on a universal testing machine – UNITEK Testing Machine [Figure 3]. The Hook of the testing device was engaged in to the loop fabricated on the occlusal surface of the coping and a load was applied to pull the coping away from the abutment [Figure 4] at a speed of 5 mm/min (Pull Test Applied). The force at which the bond failure between coping and abutment occurred was recorded as the peak load. All the samples were subjected to the same testing protocols for all the three luting agents.{Figure 3}{Figure 4}

Statistical analysis

Two-way ANOVA test has been used to compare the load failure to debond the copings cemented with glass ionomer, zinc polycarboxylate, and zinc phosphate cement. Scheffe's multiple comparison test has been used to compare the load required to debond the copings when three types of cements were used with two surface modifications. All the 45 samples were subjected to the same testing protocols.

 Results



The mean and Standard deviation of Failure load of Zinc Phosphate, Zinc Polycarboxylate and Glass Ionomer Cements are shown in [Table 1]. Two-way ANOVA test has been applied to compare the load required to debond the copings that were statistically significant between the types of cement used and the surface modifications applied. The results are shown in [Table 2]. The significant P value of the interaction effect of cement versus surface modifications indicates the load required to debond the copings that were statistically different by the cement used and by the surface modifications. The significant P value of the cement used infers that the three types of cement were statistically different with respect to their loads required to debond the copings. Scheffe's multiple comparison test [Table 3] has been used to compare the load required to debond the copings when three types of cements were used with two surface modifications. The significant P value of all the three comparison, that is, zinc phosphate versus zinc polycarboxylate, zinc phosphate versus Type 1 glass-ionomer cement, and zinc polycarboxylate versus Type 1 glass-ionomer cement, indicates that all the three types of cements were statistically significant with respect to the load required to debond the copings. There is a clear indication that Type 1 glass-ionomer cement has superior bonding quality than the other two types of cements, and zinc polycarboxylate bonding quality is better than zinc phosphate cement. The bar diagram [Figure 5] depicts that Type 1 glass-ionomer cement has the highest retentive strength to resist the debonding load with respect to sandblasted copings and roughened abutment. Zinc phosphate cement resists the debonding load at its peak when used on sandblasted copings. Zinc polycarboxylate cement shows its best retentive strength when used along with roughened abutment copings.{Table 1}{Table 2}{Table 3}{Figure 5}

 Discussion



Cement type may be of the deciding factor of retention but prosthodontists who plan for progressive loading desire retrievability of the superstructure. When cements selected with superior retentive properties are used, retrievability of the prostheses may be a problem. Retrievability could damage both fixture and abutment while employing aggressive removal techniques. On the other hand, the selection of cement that is not retentive enough could be a potential source of embarrassment for the patient. Provisional cements such as zinc oxide eugenol cement were developed for short-term use. Definitive cements such as zinc polycarboxylate, Type 1 glass-ionomer cement, and hybrid cements were developed to provide strong and lasting cementation. No single cement will suffice for all clinical situations.

Al Hamad et al. reported that sandblasted copings provide greater mean retention force than the unmodified coping surfaces with the mean retentive force of 469 N for Type 1 glass-ionomer cement and 346 N for zinc phosphate cement.[1] Saito et al. compared the adhesive nature of zinc polycarboxylate with zinc phosphate cement and concluded that zinc polycarboxylate cement produces 4–12 times of better adhesion than zinc phosphate cement. The present study shows similar results that irrespective of surface modifications, polycarboxylate shows the maximum retention of 212 N, and zinc phosphate cement shows a mean retentive strength of 154 N.[2] Mehl et al. reported that zinc phosphate is most suitable for easy retrievability when compared to zinc polycarboxylate cement. The present study result shows that zinc polycarboxylate has a mean retentive strength of 212 N and zinc phosphate has a mean retentive strength of 152 N. Hence, retrievability of zinc phosphate cement is easier than the zinc polycarboxylate cement which is in accordance with Mehl's study.[3],[4] McComb evaluated that mean retentive strength of the Type 1 glass-ionomer cement was the greatest 161 N and zinc phosphate cement was the weakest 81 N of the cements tested with the significant difference of P = 0.001. These results were similar in accordance with the present study which stated that glass-ionomer cement shows the maximum mean retentive strength of 302 N when compared to zinc phosphate cement of 154 N.[5] Lewinstein et al. and Wolfart et al. reported that circumferential grooving on the abutment produces a statistically significant difference P < 0.001 with respect to various luting agents such as glass-ionomer, zinc phosphate, and zinc polycarboxylate cements.[6],[7] Norman et al. evaluated that a statistically significant difference was found between various cements, and glass-ionomer cement shows the maximum retention.[8] Schneider evaluated five types of cements; a statistically significant difference was found (P < 0.001) between all the five types of cements tested. According to Schneider, glass-ionomer cement was most retentive, followed by zinc polycarboxylate than zinc phosphate. This may be since the mode of cement failure ranges from cohesive (within cement) to adhesive (at the cement-abutment interface). There has been no observed adhesive failure at the metal coping-cement interface for zinc phosphate and Type 1 glass-ionomer cement. The zinc phosphate cement mode of failure was at the abutment-cement interface, which is adhesive in nature.[9] de Campos et al. and Kim et al. evaluated that the effect of the surface topography of implant abutments on retention of cemented single-tooth crowns. The study concludes that circumferentially grooved abutments had 2.4-time greater mean retention than sandblasted copings. The present study shows similar results that diamond roughened abutments had better retention of 395 N than the sandblasted abutment of 325 N with respect to zinc polycarboxylate cement.[10],[11]

 Conclusion



Within the limitations of this study, the following conclusions have been made. The retentive properties of the three types of cements tested in this study were statistically significant. Type 1 glass-ionomer cement shows the highest mean retentive strength, followed by zinc polycarboxylate and zinc phosphate cement. There was no statistically significant difference between the sandblasted and roughened abutment copings cemented with Type 1 glass-ionomer cement. There is a statistically significant difference between the sandblasted and roughened modification of abutments cemented with zinc polycarboxylate cement. Zinc phosphate cement provides better retentive strength when copings were sandblasted. Hence, from the above statistical data, ranking order for retentiveness of the copings is Type 1 glass-ionomer cement provided the maximum retention, zinc polycarboxylate cement provided moderate retention, followed by zinc phosphate cement.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

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